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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
SPEED
DOPPLER SHIFT
and
ALICE LAW
Han Erim
November 15, 2023
Introduction to the topic
I
said in my previous publications that Alice Law is essentially
Electromagnetic Theory, and that Electromagnetic Theory should switch
to (c+v) (c-v) mathematics. In this article, I will show you how to
switch to Alice Law by making use of Wave Mechanics and Doppler Shift.
While
explaining the subject, I used a device that produces uniform sine wave
at a constant frequency as an electromagnetic wave source. You can
think that the wavelength of the signals produced by such a device will
be
.... But...
however...
usually it doesn't happen like that. Because if a broadcast signal goes
to a moving target, both the wavelength of the signal (Doppler Shift)
and the speed of the signal change during the broadcast of the signal.
In accordance with this situation, for an object emitting an
electromagnetic wave, the speed of an electromagnetic wave it emits is
as follows:
Abbreviations used:
Signal: Electromagnetic wave
Source Object: The object sending the signal.
Target Object: The object that the signal reaches.
: Speed of the signal it emits relative to the Source Object
: Light speed constant
: Signal broadcast frequency of the Source Object
:
Unchanged, normal wavelength of the signal
:
Amount of change in wavelength .
:
Changed wavelength (Doppler Shift)
:
The speed difference between the Source Object and the Target Object at
the moment of the broadcast of the signal.
: If the Source Object and the Target Object are moving away from each
other: (+), and if they are approaching each other: (-)
This article only mentions Doppler Shift in Electromagnetic
interaction. The formation mechanism of Acoustic Doppler Shift, which
is related to sound, is very different and is beyond our scope.
In this section, I have given preliminary information about the
subject. At this stage, I will first show that the wavelength change in
Doppler Shift occurs during the broadcast of the signal. Then I will
move on to signal speeds and Alice Law, respectively.
Doppler Shift (change in signal wavelength) occurs during the
broadcast of the signal.
It
is not difficult to understand that the change in wavelength in Doppler
Shift occurs during the broadcast of the signal. Let's examine Figure 1
below. The three devices in the figure are identical to each other.
Device[0] is motionless, Device[1] is approaching the tower with speed
u, and Device[2] is moving away from the tower with speed
u.
For ease of explanation, we consider the speeds of moving devices to be
equal. The figure shows the starting position of the event. At this
moment, all three devices are at an equal distance from the Tower, and
they start sending signals to the Tower. There is no limitation for the
distance between the tower and the devices.
Figure 1- Beginning of the event
Since
the frequencies of the devices are the same (), the devices
will broadcast a single wavelength of the sine wave in 
time. Time 
is a common time value for all three devices.
Let's
examine the flow of the event depending on time : At the
beginning of
time , the devices
start sending signals while they are at an equal distance from the
Tower. At the end of time
, the devices will have broadcast a single sine wave. The locations of
the broadcast signals and devices at this moment are shown in Figure
2.
Figure 2- The status of the signals going towards the
tower at the end of time . The moment when
the devices broadcast a complete sine wave.
Analysis of the situation in Figure 2:
While the devices were in that position O, they started sending signals
to the tower. During time , while the
emitted parts of the sine waves travel towards the tower with speed
, Device[1] and
Device[2] are going in their own direction of motion. At the end of
time
, the emission of sine waves is completed. At this moment, the front
ends of the sine waves will be at an equal distance from the tower,
while their back ends will be at the location of the devices. As can be
seen, the wavelengths of the signals are comprised of different
lengths. The wavelength of the signal sent by Device[2] moving away
from the tower increased by
, and the
wavelength of the signal sent by Device[1] coming towards the tower
decreased by
. Thus, we reach
the result.
| In Doppler Shift, the wavelength change
occurs during the broadcast of the signal. |
I
must say that this is a very important finding. Because this
determination puts an end to many discussions about the Theory of
Physics, and in addition, it shows very easily many important details
that are unknown or not well known in Physics and enables them to be
understood.
Calculation of Signal Wavelengths and Signal Velocities
We
can calculate the length of wavelengths in Figure 2 with the
emission time (or frequency) of the sine wave and the speeds of the
devices.
Table 1- Calculation of the wavelengths of the signals
broadcast by the devices
Figure
2 also provides important information about the speed of the
signals that the devices send to the tower, according to their own
reference systems. Since the wavelengths of the signals occur at
different lengths at the end of the period (
),
the speeds of the signals broadcast according to the reference systems
of the devices are different from each other. The table below shows the
speeds of the signals broadcast by the devices according to their
reference systems.
|
Device number
|
According to each device's own reference
system,
the speed of the signal it broadcasts.
|
| [2] |
 |
| [1] |
 |
| [0] |
 |
Table 2 - Speeds of signals broadcast by devices according
to their own reference systems
In
the equations above, the "v" value, which normally represents the
divergence/convergence speed of two objects (Tower and Device) relative
to each other, should have been used. However, since the movements here
are only on a single axis, we can use "u" speed values instead of "v"
values (v = u). Thus, we have automatically switched to Alice Law.
Alice Law is the name of the situation that emerged in Table 2. (See:
Alice Law, Transition to (c+v) (c-v) Mathematics in Electromagnetic
Theory, 2017, Han Erim)
Thus, we saw how equality in the subject was achieved.
The speed of the electromagnetic wave emitted by an object,
according to its own reference system, is as follows:
Outgoing Signal Equation
Signal speed = Frequency of the signal x Changed/unchanged wavelength
of the signal
Signal speed = Speed of light constant + Speed of the Source and Target
objects relative to each other
As can be seen from the equation, if the Source Object and the Target
Object are motionless relative to each other; since will be 
, 
and 
, the speed of
the signal becomes equal to relative to the
source broadcasting the signal.
Outgoing Signal Definition: For an object, the electromagnetic
wave it emits is called Outgoing Signal and its speed is
determined by the above equation.
If a signal is sent from the tower to the devices, where and how
does the wavelength change occur?
Figure 4- We place a device on the tower and send a
signal from the tower
Let's
place the same device broadcasting on frequency
on the tower and send the signal from the tower. We know that Doppler
Shift will occur on the signals coming to devices [1] and [2], which
are moving relative to the tower. But how and where does this happen?
We have previously used the speed of the devices to understand how the
wavelength change occurs (Figure 2). But here we cannot use the same
method because the Tower is motionless.
First,
I would like to show you the false logic that still exists in
Electromagnetic Theory. I prepared Figure 5 for this purpose.
Figure 5- The wrong logic still in force in
Electromagnetic Theory: The tower is broadcasting on frequency . Since it is
thought that the wavelength of the signals broadcast will be , the signals are
depicted in the figure as leaving the tower with wavelength and speed in all directions.
Why
is Figure 5 wrong? If we examine the figure within the rules of
geometry and mathematics, we see that the speed of the signal coming to
it from the Tower according to Device[2]'s own reference system is 
, and that the
speed of the signal coming to it from the Tower according to
Device[1]'s own reference system is 
. However,
the speed of a signal arriving at an object relative to its own
reference system must always be . (In Alice
Law, "c+v", "c-v" mathematics is not like this. Don't be surprised. We
will see the correct way to use it a little later).
Another mistake is this: Here the conclusion is that Doppler Shift
(wavelength change) must occur when the signals reach their
destination. However, in Doppler Shift, the wavelength change must
occur during the broadcast of the signal.
What
is right? Let's see this now. When we send signals from the tower, the
information that will enable us to find the wavelength change in the
signals comes from the GALILEI PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY.
According to this principle,
if two objects are in motion relative to each other, there is no real
answer as to which of the two objects is in motion. In any case, the
laws of physics will apply the same for both objects. Therefore,
by taking advantage of Galileo's Principle of
Relativity and the information in Figure 2, we can easily find the
wavelengths and speeds of the signals sent from the Tower to the
devices. Namely, the signal sent by Device[2] to the Tower and the
signal sent by the Tower to Device[2] must be identical. Since the
wavelength of the signal sent by Device 2 to the Tower is 
and the speed of
the signal sent by Device 2 according to its own reference system is 
, the wavelength
of the signal sent from the Tower to Device[2] will be and the speed
according to the Tower will be
. We can also apply this way of thinking to signals going from the
Tower to other devices. As can be seen, Galileo's Principle of
Relativity brought us to the conclusion immediately..
Figure 6- At the end of the
period, the wavelengths of the signals sent from the Tower to the
devices and the speeds of the signals relative to the tower are seen.
It was prepared with the information obtained from Figure 2.
Galileo's
Principle of Relativity is a very powerful aid in Theoretical Physics.
It is a real saviour in such situations when we need it. It is very
difficult, if not impossible, to obtain Figure 6 without resorting to
this principle. If you doubt the accuracy of Figure 6, you should look
at Figure 2. Because if Figure 2 is true, Figure 6 is automatically
true.
I
included the figure below to complete the topic. Tower and Devices
mutually send signals to each other. The characteristics of a signal
sent from the tower to a device and the signal sent from that device to
the tower are identical.
Figure 7- Mutually sent signals and the situation at
the end of time. We are
watching the event from the reference system of the tower.
Table 4- Outgoing and Incoming signals and Galileo Relativity
Principle
Let's
see that the incoming signal equality is preserved; In the
figure, we can easily see that the speed of the signal sent from the
Tower to Device[2] with speed is according to
Device[2]. 
. A similar
situation exists for Device[1]. 
. In other words, the condition that the speed of the signal arriving
at the devices relative to their own reference systems is is met.
I would especially like to emphasize; In fact, the Tower and the
Devices broadcast at wavelength in accordance
with the 
equation, but they are not involved in changing the wavelength of the
signal they broadcast. The change in Wavelength occurs independently of
the Source Object broadcasting the signal. It is the Target Object that
changes the wavelength.
Michelson-Morley experiment and Galileo's Principle of Relativity
It
would be nice to combine our results with the Michelson-Morley
experiment. Galileo's Principle of Relativity is with us here too.
In
the figure below, a Star has sent a light signal to the Earth. In the
figure, we see the speed of the signal according to the reference
systems of the Star and the Earth.
Figure 8- Correct interpretation of the
Michelson-Morley experiment..
First,
I would like to show the direct relationship of the figure with
Galileo's Principle of Relativity. If we pay attention, it is not clear
in the figure whether the Star or the Earth or both are in motion. All
we can say is that the Earth and the Star are in motion relative to
each other. Despite this uncertainty, the Outgoing Signal and Incoming
Signal equations in the figure maintain their invariance. We know this
from here; Michelson-Morley experiment is the experiment that proves
that the Incoming Signal speed is . The Doppler
Shift (1840 Christian Doppler) equation shows the invariance of the
Outgoing Signal equation.
Doppler Shift and wavelength change
The
values in the
Doppler Shift equation and the Outgoing Signal equation
are identical to each other. The unknown issue in physics was the speed
of the Outgoing Signal. This issue has been resolved with Alice Law.
This
point is of course important; Galileo's Principle of Relativity does
not provide information about the underlying cause of the event; it can
only tell what kind of result will occur. Let's assume that the star in
the figure does not move at all. Even in this case, a light signal sent
by the star to the earth will travel towards the earth at a speed of 
with a changed
wavelength, as if it knew the speed of the earth in space, that is, it
will move at a speed of
relative to the earth. How and why is this so? Galileo's Principle of
Relativity cannot answer this. Can the Electromagnetic Theory answer?
No, it cannot answer either. In Alice Law, you can immediately see that
this is the case, so there is an answer. But better answers will
undoubtedly come as Alice Law is studied and only after many years. I
recommend you to quickly adapt yourself to Alice Law.
I
prepared a final figure that includes and summarizes the information
explained here. In the figure, we look at the event from the Tower's
reference system. As can be seen, the Signal Tower is broadcasting to
its surroundings at frequency and wavelength , ().
The signals broadcast go towards objects moving in various directions
and speeds. Since all the information has been given before, I am
giving it here without comment.
Figure 9- Doppler Shift.
Results of the Study
Understanding
that the change in wavelength occurs during the broadcast of the signal
is a threshold point for Theoretical Physics. If you have reached this
threshold, from now on you cannot look at Physics the same way, even if
you wanted to. Because a lot of interesting information comes one after
another. To give an example, I have written down some of the
information provided by this study.
1) In Doppler Shift, the wavelength change occurs during the emission
of the electromagnetic wave. [Ref: Figure 2, Figure 6]
2) The factor that determines the amount of change in wavelength is the
speed of the Target Object relative to the Source object. [Ref: Figure
2, Figure 6]
3) Wavelength change is independent of the distance between the Source
Object and the Target Object. [Ref: Figure 2]
4) The speed of an electromagnetic wave is independent of the object
emitting it. [Ref: Figure 2, Figure 6]
5) When an electromagnetic wave is emitted, the Target Object it will
reach is determined. [Ref: Figure 6]
Actually, there are many more results, but I didn't want to write them
here. The more you work on Alice Law, the more results you can achieve.
Link
(no change)
frequencies. As
can be seen again, there is 
equality between
the signals coming to the Tower.
: Frequency of
incoming signal 
[2]
