31. FIELDS

Almost everyone took physics courses at school. Probably you often came across sentences like these in the lessons you listened to or in the books you read:

- Electrical charges generate an electrical field around themselves.
- A magnet generates a magnetic force field around itself.
- An electrical charge that is in motion generates a magnetic field around itself.

The field force lines that positive and negative electrical charges form are seen below. The charges are the same in the visual on the left and the charges are opposite in the visual on the right.

On the left side below, electromagnetic field lines that a coil through which a current passes forms are seen. On the right side, we can see field lines of a magnet.

In this wonderful photo below, Saturn and the rings on it are seen. Saturn’s ring band is shaped by the gravitational force.

WHAT IS FIELD: In physics, a field is a physical quantity, represented by a number or tensor, that has a value for each point in space and time (cited from Wikipedia).

Of course, such a definition is the most primitive description of Field. It is a product of an effort to explain for the adaptation based on the mathematical equations obtained through studies conducted. It cannot answer any of the questions such as what is a field in reality, is it made of something, does it have an inner structure, is it a part of space. This topic that widens with theories such as Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and Unified Field Theory (UFT) is actually a bottomless pit and it is the biggest research topic of physics; I believe it will continue to be so in the future as well.

Let’s go back to the definition of fields. The “FIELD” definition above discusses Space-Time in an integrity, defines it as “a single field”, and mentions the existence of a value for each point in it. However, such a definition of fields is terribly insufficient because an effect on a point in space is formed by the sum of the effects that sub-components that form matter in the universe (which are atom and, more specifically, the components making up of the atoms) have on that point. Each component that forms an atom has a value assigned related to that point of the space. Therefore, for each point in space, there is, in reality, an infinite number of assigned values. The final effect is formed with the sum of all these effects. Therefore, the definition of field defines the value of this final effect that sub-components form.

Let’s have a look at the photograph of the magnet again. It is a well-known fact that the force that pulls iron fillings to the force lines of the magnetic field is the total force that electrons inside the magnet. Now, let’s push ourselves a little by asking a question. In which way do the electrons in the magnet transfer their forces to iron fillings that are scattered around? Now that iron fillings are affected, there needs to be a mechanism transferring the effect of electrons to iron fillings. I don’t mean the magnetic force that is formed because of the spins of free electrons in the magnet. I am talking about the way the magnetic force formed is transferred to iron fillings. We can look for an answer to the question in two mean categories:

1. Electron uses space to transfer its force. It affects and changes the space around it. The medium that enables the transmission of the force is space. A piece of space affected by the sum of the forces of electrons in the magnet forms the magnet’s field. ………………..
   

2. Each electron has a field that belongs to itself. The field that the electron has is like a physical object that enables its interaction with its environment. Electron transfers its force through its own field. ……………………

It is possible to develop a theory by staying within these two options; we may also write other alternatives. However, I’d like to tell you about the second option because (c+v) (c-v) mathematics shows great clues and signs in the direction that the correct way is the second option.

You may want to think a bit by looking at the photos above. From this stage on, we will travel to the unknown. You need to feel ready for this. I will try to describe the PAPER in nature that leads to (c+v) (c-v) mathematics.

31.1. FORMING REASON OF (C+V) (C-V) MATHEMATICS - FIELDS

I personally think that fields are special structures that belong to sub-elements such as electrons, protons, and quarks that make up an atom and that are natural components of those sub-elements. As a matter of fact, I know nothing about the topic of fields. However, this is not a case peculiar to me. There are a lot of researchers who think it exists, but no one can say consistently what it is. Therefore, I will deal with the Field Conception in a very general way and based on atoms. The important thing for me is to show you how (c+v) (c-v) mathematics is formed. And I can only show this with the help of atoms and their fields, and here I’m going to do that. I will carry you to where (c+v) (c-v) mathematics brought me by guiding you.

I’ll start with two main arguments:

1. Am I wrong to say “Each atom has its own field.”? Since an atom can apply gravitational forces to other atoms, if we, in principle, accept that force is transferred through fields, it is a consistent sentence in itself.

2. Am I wrong to say “The length of a field of an atom extends to infinity.”? This wouldn’t be wrong, either, because, in the Universal Gravitational Force equation, there is no limit to the distance at which objects can apply gravitational forces to each other.

If we collect what has been said in a figure, we obtain a model structure like the one below. There is the atom in the center. The field of the atom surrounds it like a sphere.

When we generalize two arguments mentioned above, a universe structure that is made up of atoms and its fields. Fields of atoms fill in the emptiness called space. The mathematical meaning of it is this: If our universe is made up of 10⁸¹ atoms, any point in space is under the effect of 10⁸¹ fields. Each atom in space is inside other fields that belong to other atoms and each is exposed to a force applied by n = 10⁸¹ – 1 atoms. As can be seen, we at least obtained a mathematical model compatible with gravitational force mechanism.

Let’s improve our model a little. There was an atom in the center of the field in the shape of a sphere. As the field of an atom originates from the existence of atom, there is a structure in which they are connected to each other in a way. In such a case, when the atom moves, its field will also move in the same direction. Whatever direction the atom moves, the field will move in the same direction.

Now, let’s add some features to the field. Imagine that the field is an extremely rigid structure. I mean, let’s imagine it as a perfect structure which doesn’t wiggle like jelly or has flexibility like rubber. It is so rigid that, when we move the atom, it moves in the same way as the outside borders of the field that is at infinite distance.

Let’s give another feature to the field. Imagine that the field can conduct electromagnetic waves in itself. The speed of an electromagnetic wave relative to the field in which it moves is always “c”, i.e. constant. Let’s finish this by making a final addition. The field can direct an electromagnetic wave that is moving in it so that it goes to the center of the field.

In this way, we obtained a model that is fully compatible with (c+v) (c-v) mathematics. An electromagnetic wave that is released in the field will directly go towards the center of the field. Whatever field it was released in, it will go to the atom that owns that field. Relative to the atom in the center of the field, the speed of the INCOMING electromagnetic wave will always be “c”.

Now, let’s have a look at the questions that made us give a break in the past. See how many questions have been automatically answered.

1) How can an electromagnetic wave know its arrival target at the moment of the emission?
2) How is the information that the arrival target is in motion conveyed to the source that emits the electromagnetic wave?
3) How can an electromagnetic wave adjust its speed as “c” relative to its arrival target if the arrival target is in motion relative to the source?
4) How can a source whose frequency is f₀ and wavelength λ₀ as its factory setting from its manufacture emit wavelengths over different wavelengths?
5) If the questions above can be answered, how is this possible even when there are unbelievable distances –thousands, millions, and even billions of light-years – between the source and the target?

As can be seen, all the questions have been answered, but we can still put a question mark to the fifth question. How is it possible that the length of a field extends to infinity? I will honestly say that the answer to this question is not in (c+v) (c-v) mathematics. I will convey my opinions in this matter in Chapter Four.

The discussion on “Does (c+v) (c-v) mathematics exist in nature or not?” is now a silly one. It does. Since it does, it must also have a reason. Such a foundation in nature should be described so that (c+v) (c-v) mathematics can be formed. What I tell you here is a product of this effort. After all, I described a model that may provide us with (c+v) (c-v) mathematics here.

There are two main ideas in this model. Firstly, it is to accept in principle that these structures we call “fields” exist in nature and each is a physical object. When we look at scientific books, articles and study notes, we certainly come across sentences similar to these: “An electromagnetic field is created around a coil through which a current passes.” or “An object charged with electricity generates an electric field around it.” Such sentences are utterly wrong. I’m putting it plain and simple: IT CANNOT GENERATE. You cannot create anything that already exists. Fields already exist. When you have a current pass through a coil, you just activate the fields of atoms (electrons) in the coil that already exist. If you charge an object by giving static electric to it, you just stimulate the fields that the object already has. Fields always exist; it is a natural result of the existence of matter; it is part of it. Fields are real physical objects that always should be dealt with together with matter. Yes, we cannot see it like an object, but we can see its effects clearly; we even built our civilization by making use of it. Fields cannot be formed or created because they always exist.

I’ll express my second opinion here. I’m making the assumption “A field is in a continuous flow towards its own center and the speed of this flow is “c”.” In such an assumption, electromagnetic wave doesn’t need to have its own speed anymore; it has now turned into a pack of energy. If you put this pack on a field, the pack will mandatorily go to the center of the field, i.e. the atom there, because of the flow of the field. The pack will go to the atom on whose field you put it on. Relative to the atom in the center of the field, the INCOMING speed of the pack is always “c”. Such a setting provides (c+v) (c-v) mathematics without any difficulty.

Whether it is because of the flow of the field in itself or the speed of the electromagnetic wave itself, the fact that the speed of an electromagnetic wave relative to the field that it is in is “c” is a result that (c+v) (c-v) mathematics indicates. I must make my proposition and step aside at this point. I leave the answers to questions that are difficult to answer such as what is a field, what is it made of, how is its unity with matter ensured to scientists who work or will work on this topic.

31.2. THINKING WITH FIELDS IN MIND

I cannot, of course, claim that what I told about fields is absolutely correct. But it is a fact that, if you think with the LOGIC OF FIELDS that I covered before and will cover here, you can interpret (c+v) (c-v) mathematics more easily. You can reach consistent predictions on how to find results while analyzing an event.

Thinking with fields in mind…

We can combine the fields of atoms that make up of an object in our minds and deal with it like a single field such as field of a plane, field of an observer, field of Earth. To reach the result in (c+v) (c-v) mathematics, thinking with objects and their fields in mind is sufficient in most cases.

The answer to the question “What is a reference system?” is as follows: An object and the field that belongs to it together forms the reference system of the object.

We can break any object into smaller pieces in our minds, as well. Each piece we have will be an object, as well; it will have its own field and it will have a reference system of its own. In the figure, a few fields that belong to parts of the bodies of the runners are described. When we think with fields in mind, we can easily notice which behavior does the light that goes towards the runners have.

In the figure above, when the observer defines the coordinates of the plane that he sees as (x₁,y₁,z₁) relative to its own coordinate system, he actually defines a point on its own field without noticing it. The coordinate value he writes is a coordinate value on the observer’s own field.

Thinking with fields in mind gives certain and clear information on where the image of an object will be seen. In the figure on the left, the plane (the Source Object) sends signals that form its own image when it is at point A. While these signals that are released on the field of the observer are coming towards the observer, they will follow the AO line in the field of the observer. In the figure on the right, however, the situation when the signals have reached the observer is shown. The observer will see the Image Object of the plane at point A because signals came from the point A that belongs to its own field. Even if the observer is in motion, the location of point A will never change relative to the observer because, when the observer is in motion, it carries its field along with itself. When it moves in a specific direction and at a specific speed, its field will also move in the same direction and at the same speed. Therefore, when the observer carries the field, it will carry point A together with itself.

Thinking with fields in mind makes invisible events visible for us. Let’s go back to our Byte Shift example. Fields that belong to signal receivers are seen in the figure. The fields that belong to the planes are carried in the direction of the movement of the planes. Since the speed of each signal group relative to the field it travels in is c, the receivers always receive the INCOMING signal that comes to them at c speed. However, since the fields that belong to the planes are carried in the direction of the movement of planes, relative to the reference system of the signal transmitter, the speed of the OUTGOING signal that goes to the plane is (c+v) and the speed of the OUTGOING signal that goes to the approaching plane is (c-v). The fact that signal groups gradually draw apart from each other as they move in the sky is seen very clearly when thinking with the field in mind.

The fields being carried in the direction of the movement leads to Doppler Shift, that is, the wavelength change during the emission of the electromagnetic wave. The fields being carried during the release of the signal on the field leads to compression or dilation of the signal wavelength. Imagine you take a handful of sand in your hand. By loosening your fingers a little, slowly pour the sand onto a conveyor belt. When the sand in your hand finishes, measure the length of the sand line formed on the conveyor belt. Then, do the same thing but this time the conveyor belt is moved forward or backward by a person. Then the speed of the conveyor belt will change relative to your hand. If the speed of the conveyor belt increases relative to your hand, then the sand you pour forms a longer line. If the speed of the conveyor belt decreases, then the length of the sand line is shorter. Wavelength change works with a completely similar mechanism. When we think with fields in mind, you easily notice that signal wavelength changes during the emission of the signal.